12 Study Techniques Supported by Educational Research

7. Complex Thinking through Problem-Based Learning

Complex thinking involves analyzing open-ended problems, synthesizing information across fields, and producing solutions. Studies tracking large student groups show that carefully designed problem-based learning boosts interdisciplinary and critical thinking skills. Start by framing a real-world question and break it into researchable parts. Work in small teams to gather evidence, propose solutions, and test ideas. Teachers should scaffold projects with milestones, focused feedback, and clear criteria so students learn research and reasoning skills without getting lost. For solo learners, set a project that connects course concepts to a practical task—research a policy question, design a simple experiment, or build a portfolio project. Complex tasks demand reflection and revision, so schedule iterative review sessions where you compare your approach against criteria or expert examples. Over time, this practice strengthens the ability to transfer classroom learning to messy, real-world problems.